Mechanistic Claims
- Smooth Muscle Regulation: Mediates relaxation of vascular, gastrointestinal, and respiratory smooth muscle.
- Secretory Control: Influences secretion in endocrine and exocrine tissues.
- Cellular Signaling: Acts through G‑protein coupled receptors to regulate cyclic AMP pathways.
- Vascular Function: Supports vasodilation and blood flow regulation.
- Neuroprotective & Immunomodulatory Potential: Explored for roles in inflammation, immune balance, and neuronal signaling.
Research Applications
- Vascular biology and vasodilation studies
- Smooth muscle physiology investigations
- Secretory pathway and endocrine/exocrine regulation models
- Neuroprotection and immunomodulation research
- Exploratory therapeutic studies in inflammation and respiratory health
VIP Research Insights
- 28‑amino acid peptide hormone with broad systemic regulatory roles.
- Studied for effects on smooth muscle, vascular tone, and secretory activity.
- Research highlights potential in immune modulation, neuroprotection, and inflammation control.
- Supplied in pharmaceutical‑grade, lyophilized form to ensure purity and stability.
- Recommended handling: reconstitute with bacteriostatic water immediately before use; aliquot single‑use portions; store at ≤ –20 °C to avoid repeated freeze–thaw cycles.
VIP Research
VIP research spans multiple biological systems, offering laboratories diverse opportunities to study this 28-amino acid peptide’s regulatory mechanisms.
Cardiovascular Research
VIP acts as a potent vasodilator by binding to VPAC receptors and increasing nitric oxide production. Laboratory studies show VIP influences coronary blood flow and heart rate regulation through its presence in cardiac nerve fibers[1].
Digestive System Studies
Research demonstrates VIP’s role in gut motility regulation through smooth muscle relaxation in the esophageal sphincter and stomach. The peptide stimulates pancreatic secretion of water and electrolytes while inhibiting gastric acid production[2].
Immune System Investigations
VIP exhibits anti-inflammatory properties by binding to VPAC1 and VPAC2 receptors on immune cells. Studies show the peptide inhibits T-cell proliferation and suppresses inflammatory cytokine production from macrophages and microglia[3].
Neurological Research
Laboratory investigations reveal VIP’s neuroprotective effects on dopaminergic neurons through microglial modulation. The peptide plays a central role in circadian rhythm regulation via VPAC2 receptor activation in the suprachiasmatic nucleus[4].
Receptor Mechanisms
VIP research focuses on VPAC1 and VPAC2 receptor interactions that trigger adenylate cyclase activation and cAMP elevation[5]. These signaling cascades activate protein kinase A pathways across different cell types[6].
References
- R. Henning, “Vasoactive intestinal peptide: cardiovascular effects,” Oxford University Press (OUP), Jan. 2001. doi: 10.1016/s0008-6363(00)00229-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0008-6363(00)00229-7
- M. Iwasaki, Y. Akiba, and J. D. Kaunitz, “Recent advances in vasoactive intestinal peptide physiology and pathophysiology: focus on the gastrointestinal system,” F1000 Research Ltd, Sep. 2019. doi: 10.12688/f1000research.18039.1. https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.18039.1
- C. Martínez et al., “A Clinical Approach for the Use of VIP Axis in Inflammatory and Autoimmune Diseases,” MDPI AG, Dec. 2019. doi: 10.3390/ijms21010065. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21010065
- J. Fahrenkrug, “Transmitter Role of Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide,” Wiley, Jun. 1993. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0773.1993.tb01344.x. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0773.1993.tb01344.x
- I. Langer, “Mechanisms involved in VPAC receptors activation and regulation: lessons from pharmacological and mutagenesis studies,” Frontiers Media SA, 2012. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2012.00129. https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2012.00129
- I. Kato et al., “Transgenic mice overexpressing human vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) gene in pancreatic beta cells. Evidence for improved glucose tolerance and enhanced insulin secretion by VIP and PHM-27 in vivo.,” Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol. 269 33, pp. 21223–8, 1994.
| Property | Value |
|---|---|
| Peptide Sequence | His-Ser-Asp-Ala-Val-Phe-Thr-Asp-Asn-Tyr-Thr-Arg-Leu-Arg-Lys-Gln-Met-Ala-Val-Lys-Lys-Tyr-Leu-Asn-Ser-Ile-Leu-Asn-NH2 |
| Molecular Formula | C147H238N44O42S |
| Molecular Weight | 3325.8 g/mol |
| CAS Number | 40077-57-4 |
| PubChem CID | 53314964 |
| Synonyms | VIP, Aviptadil, Vasoactive Intestinal Polypeptide, Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide |